The Traditional Narrative Structure Of Thomas Hardy English Literature Essay

The Traditional Narrative Structure Of Thomas Hardy English Literature Essay In order to assess the validity or otherwise of Thomas Hardys assertion, we first need to consider whether or not any such construct as traditional narrative structure can properly be said to exist and, assuming that it does, provide a definition of what this structure might be. This is not as straightforward as it may appear. For one thing, there are many different traditions in world literature and therefore many different concepts of traditional narrative structure. It would be unwise, for instance, to attempt to assert that the storytelling devices employed by the anonymous authors of the stories later compiled as The 1,001 Nights or The Arabian Nights Entertainments complied in all respects with the narrative strategies pursued by Dickens, Trollope, Defoe, Austen and the other writers of the novel form as it has been understood and developed over the past two hundred years within Western society. It is possible to understand from Hardys statement the kind of narrative structure that he had in mind, the progression from event A to B to C suggested by the regular formulation of beginning, middle and end. That Hardys statement should exhibit a strong implied attachment to this sort of narrative structure is in no way surprising, for it was an important aspect of his writing. However, there had already been changes to what Hardy considered the traditional narrative style. Narrative trickery of one kind or another had been apparent in many authors works. Experimentation with form began very early on in the novels development. Indeed, it is arguable that such experimentalism had been present in the English novel since its earliest days. Samuel Richardsons Pamela or Virtue Rewarded , for instance, arguably one of the first novels written in English, may conform to the beginning-middle-end formula looked upon so fondly by Hardy one hundred years later, but it is far from being a standard third party text. The book is an epistolary novel, which is to say that it consists of a series of interlinked texts, purporting to be letters written by the novels protagonist and no fewer than five other correspondents, each of whom has his or her unique literary style, psychology and point of view. Richardson was not the first novelist to adopt this epistolary approach. Other writers, both in France and England, had preceded him. Yet there is no doubt that Richardson displayed a profound and unprecedented facility with the form. In Margaret Drabbles words, he raised the form to a level hitherto unknown and transformed it to display his own particular skills.  [1]  And Richardson was not the only English novelist to have departed sharply from Hardys norm during the English novels formative years. His inventiveness and willingness to experiment with form had been equalled by several other writers, most importantly Lawrence Sterne. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, published in several parts between 1759 and 1767, stands out as a paragon of unconventionality even today. Its many stylistic novelties and tricks of form include flashbacks, typographical eccentricities, missing pages and multiple perspectives. Not for nothing has it been referred to as the progenitor of th e twentieth century stream-of consciousness novel  [2]   The traditional narrative structure that Hardy had in mind had, therefore, been altered and subverted from within for many years prior to the start of his own literary career. It is, nonetheless, true that the notion of a novel having to possess a beginning, middle and end had become firmly embedded in the psyche of most readers and writers by the late Victorian era. Hardy suspected that the dominance of the traditional narrative structure was under threat by the time he abandoned novel writing around the beginning of the twentieth century. The Age of Realism, in many ways the last great affirmation of the Enlightenment, with its impressively self-confident faith in reason and in reasons access to the real, drew to an end as the nineteenth century began to spill into the twentieth,  [3]  writes Andrà © Brink in his overview of the novels long development as a form: In a turmoil of uncertainty prefiguring Eliots later wry conviction that human kind/ Cannot bear very much reality, Modernism was born. A remarkable revolution swept through all the arts. The faith in representation, which for so long had shaped Western culture, was wavering; and, in Santayanas famous phrase, mankind was starting to dream in a different key  [4]   Both novels, Italo Calvinos If on a Winters Night aTraveller and One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez are arguably experimentations into a different style of traditional narrative fictions, that are far removed from what Hardy had in mind. If on a Winters Night a Traveller is probably Calvinos best known novel, published in Italian in 1979 and translated into English by William Weaver in 1981. Since then it has become firmly established as a classic of post-modern fiction. An examination of the books form quickly explains why. Far from being a conventional narrative, in which events are described from the outside by an omniscient narrator and everything proceeds smoothly from an initiating incident to a denouement, the novel has a bewitching and playful form. It is self-reflexive, in that it is a book about a reader who is trying to read a book called If on a Winters Night a Traveller. The first chapter and each subsequent alternate chapter are written in the second person. They form a linking narrative between the intervening, even-numbered, chapters, which all purport to be extracts from various books which the reader tries, at different times, to read: You are about to begin reading Italo Calvinos new novel, If on a Winters Night a Traveller. Relax. Concentrate. Dispel every other thought. Let the world around you fade. Best to close the door; the TV is always on in the next room.  [5]   One prominent way in which If on a Winters Night a Traveller resists traditional narrative structure is by violating boundaries of the structure. These are the boundaries comprised by the inside and the outside of the novel. If on a Winters Night a Traveller resists these boundaries because its premise is a readers attempt to read a work entitled If on a Winters Night a Traveller, whilst being aware that the narrative is instructing the reader to read and how to. This external, authoritative narration in the narrative has the effect of rupturing any traditional narrative sequence in further ways. It causes there to be various acts of reading, both within and without the text, which are out of synch with each other. A key example of this is Calvinos statement that, You are about to begin reading Italo Calvinos new novel If on a Winters Night a Traveller.  [6]  Not only is the readers identity destabilised by the fact that the you may refer to the reader outside or the reader insid e the text in a way not common in traditional narrative, but also the acts of reading are temporally disrupted: You are about to begin reading Italo Calvinos new novel If on a Winters Night a Traveller, the boundary of narrative, narrator and reader is broken, the reader is being instructed by the narrative to read. Another key example of the boundaries, set out by traditional narrative is the set of short orders, orders directed at us, the reader, to physically move our body: Stretch your legs, go ahead and put your feet on a cushion, or two cushions, on the arms of the sofa, on the wings of the chair, on the coffee table, on the desk, on the piano, on the globe. Take your shoes off first. If you want to, put your feet up; if not, put them back. Now dont stand there with your shoes in one hand and the book in the other.  [7]   This address to the reader has the effect of pulling the reader into work. This is very much a departure from Hardys view of the traditional narrative form. However, this is not to say that there is not a traditional narrative thread binding the work together. As the book continues, a clear, if unconventional, story begins to take shape. The reader, who is referred to and addressed throughout the novel becomes the protagonist in a convoluted narrative that revolves around an international conspiracy involving fraud, a mischievous translator, sinister government agents and a number of other elements. There may not be a traditional plot embedded in the book, but there is definitely a plot and it is one that has enough narrative muscle to keep a reader enthralled. There is a clear sense, throughout the book, that the author is solicitous to the reader and eager to retain his or her interest. This desire to aid the reader is borne out by something Calvino once wrote: My working method has more often than not involved the subtraction of weight. I have tried to remove weight, sometimes from people, sometimes from heavenly bodies, sometimes from cities; above all I have tried to remove weight from the structure of stories and from language.  [8]   If on a Winters Night a Traveller also highlights the problems of the one dimensional aspect of traditional narrative structures. If on a Winters Night a Traveller resists linearity. Traditional narrative structures are mentioned only in the context of their non-appearance, complaints such as that of chapters interrupted right at the climaxà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦lets hope we get to the end satisfactorily.  [9]  Here the vocabulary of traditional narrative climax and satisfying ending, though present is subverted. Calvino comments on his own narrative throughout and his most clear comment on this particular form of resistance to traditional narrative structures occurs when, making explicit the sexualised connotations of interrupted climax, and satisfying ending, he describes how Lovers reading of each others bodiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ differs from the reading of written pages in that it is not linear. It starts at any point, skips, repeat itself, goes backward, insists, ramifies in simultaneous and divergent messages, converges again, has moments of irritation, turns the page, finds its place, gets lost. A direction can be recognized in it, a route to an end, since it tends toward a climax, and with this end in view it arranges rhythmic phases, metrical scansions, recurrence of motives. But is the climax really the end? Or is the race toward that end opposed by another drive which works in the opposite direction, swimming against moments, recovering time?  [10]   One Hundred Years of Solitude could loosely be described as a family saga. It deals with the varying fates of numerous individuals drawn from seven generations of one South American family, but it is in not a type of narrative. The book includes multiple time-frames and numerous supernatural elements, including ghosts and prophecies, all of which are treated in a matter-of-fact fashion by the novels many characters. This makes it a clear embodiment of magic realism and it has, indeed, been identified by many critics as the quintessential magic realist text.  [11]   The American science fiction and fantasy author Gene Wolf, for instance, has said that Magic realism is fantasy written by people who speak Spanish,  [12]  while the British fantasy author Terry Pratchett has said that it is like a polite way of saying you write fantasy  [13]  . Despite the difficulty many have experienced in pointing out its exact nature, however, the term continues to have resonance for many readers and One Hundred Years of Solitude continues to be seen as its most characteristic text. What is it about this book that qualifies it as magic realism and in what way is its narrative distinguishable from Hardys cherished mode of traditionalist storytelling? The books difference is undoubtedly the mythic and timeless quality Marquez brings to bear in his treatment of the fictional town of Macondo and its multi-layered connection with the Buendà ­a family, whose patriarch, Josà © Arcadio Buendà ­a, is also Macondos founder. Macondo is, in a way, a leading character in the novel and yet its geography and character remain remarkably opaque throughout. As Ian Johnston has pointed out: There is something clearly magical about the world of Macondo; it is a state of mind as much as, or even more than, a real geographical place (we learn very little about its actual physical layout, for example). And once in it, we must be prepared to meet whatever the imagination of the author presents to us.  [14]   The capacity of the imagination to which Johnson alludes is immense, and so the ability to enforce a willing suspension of disbelief in the mind of the reader that co-exists with it  [15]  . It is Marquezs ability to make the reader accept and even fail to question events that could not possibly take place in the real world that give One Hundred Years of Solitude its unique flavour. An excellent example of the kind of trick Marquez plays repeatedly, comes early on in the novel when an act of suicide is followed by a physically impossible perambulation by a trail of blood: A trickle of blood came out under the door, crossed the living room, went out into the street, continued on in a straight line across the uneven terraces, went down steps and climbed over curbs, passed along the Street of the Turks, turned a corner to the right and another to the left, made a right angle at the Buendà ­a house, went in under the closed door, crossed through the parlour, hugging the walls so as not to stain the rugs, went on to the other living room, made a wide curve to avoid the dining-room table, went along the porch with the begonias, and passed without being seen under Amarantas chair as she gave an arithmetic lesson to Aureliano Josà ©, and went through the pantry and came out in the kitchen [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦]  [16]   The blending together of the real with the imagined, the plausible with the impossible, is what characterises the book throughout. Time becomes a blur, characters reflect the personalities of long dead ancestors or unborn descendants, history and chronology are obscured by the interplay of broadly similar events (invasion after invasion, birth after birth, death after death). Only Macondo seems stable, in the end, and yet even Macondo blows away to nothingness in the final, apocalyptic chapter, leaving the reader uncertain regarding the status of everything that has happened. And yet, all of this has to be set alongside the extremely detailed and persuasive nature of Mà ¡rquezs writing. He may be concerned with the fantastical and the fabulous but he also a sharp-eyed literary observer. The translator Edith Grossman made exactly this point when she gave the keynote speech at an event held in New York in 2003. Focusing on the quality of his prose and on his approach to narrative, Grossman said of Mà ¡rquez: He is a master of physical observation: Surfaces, appearances, external realities, spoken words everything that a truly observant observer can observe. He makes almost no allusion to states-of-mind, motivations, emotions, internal responses: Those are left to the inferential skills and deductive interests of the reader. In other words, Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez has turned the fly-on-the-wall point of view into a crucial aspect of his narrative style in both fiction and non-fiction, and it is a strategy that he uses to stunning effect.  [17]   One Hundred Years of Solitude also resists traditional narrative structures with its relation to traditional boundaries of, and within, narrative. If on a Winters Night a Traveller contravenes boundaries; One Hundred Years of Solitude goes further by collapsing these traditional boundaries. A very significant way in which this is affected is through the names in the novel. Spread over several generations, there are three women with a forename Remedios, five male characters with the forename Aureliano, and five characters sharing both a forename and a surname: Josà © Arcadio. What should be a straightforward, linear piece of historiography is made more complex and convoluted by Marquez. It becomes unclear exactly which characters of the names Aureliano, Remedia or Josà © Arcadio are interacting at certain points in the narrative. One such example is that of Aureliano and Amaranta Ursula, in the rooms where Colonel Aureliano had also made love, made mad love on the floor of the porch à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦they were awakened by a torrent of carnivorous ants who were ready to eat them alive.  [18]   One Hundred Years of Solitude often resists traditional narrative structures at the same time as drawing attention to them. One key example of this is the flashback with which the novel begins. As a traditional narrative structure, the flashback has a very definite sense of the present through which the past is framed. However, Marquez resists this traditional structure by destabilising this present tense, and the presence of the character having the flashback: Many years later as he faced the firing squad, Colonel Aureliano Buendia was to remember[à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦]  [19]  The suggestion of a traditional flashback is preserved in the act of remembering, yet Marquez resists the traditional structure of the flashback by locating it into the future , Many years later, was to remember, a ruptured linearity which is, in a further resistance to traditional narrative structures, explained only at the end of the novel, when Aureliano finally realises that the parchments he discovered are a prophecy of the novels events: at that prodigious instant Melquiades final keys were revealed to him and he saw the epigraph of the parchments perfectly placed in the order of mans time and space.  [20]   Both One Hundred Years of Solitude and If on a Winters Night a Traveller depart quite radically from the traditional narrative structure utilised by Thomas Hardy and yet neither Marquez nor Calvino is willing to jettison the idea of narrative or deny their readers a satisfying encounter with the elemental power of storytelling. These texts resist traditional narrative but they do not reject or repudiate narrative itself. On the contrary, they provide meaning and pleasure by taking the novel further and beyond the structure in which Hardy worked in. Both writers resist traditional narrative structure by rupturing the linearity of the narrative and creating problems of time and engagement of the reader. Bibliography

Implementation of a Transitional Model of Care for Congestive Heart Fai

During exacerbations of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF), older patients may receive care in multiple settings; often resulting in fragmented care and poorly-executed care transitions. The negative consequences of fragmented care lead to duplication of services; inappropriate or conflicting discharge instructions, medication errors, patient/caregiver anxiety, and increased costs of care. In light of changes in Medicare reimbursement penalizing hospitals with above set limits for heart failure (HF) readmissions, models of care are being evaluated for their effectiveness in satisfying this change as well as reducing fragmented care in this population. This paper reviews the Transitional Care Model created by Dr. Mary Naylor at the University of Pennsylvania (Penn Nursing Science, 2013). This model in introduces a patient-centered interdisciplinary team intervention designed to improve transitions across care settings. Congestive Heart Failure Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition in which the heart is incapable of adequately pumping blood throughout the body or unable to stop blood from backing up into the lungs. The most common cause of CHF is hypertension, previous myocardial infarctions, disorders of the heart muscle or the valves of the heart, and chronic lung diseases such as asthma or emphysema. CHF is a common diagnosis for individuals sixty five years and older. With the growing population of baby boomers, the rate of CHF is predicted to nearly double over the next forty years and will be a drain on healthcare resources. Treatment costs are estimated around $20 to $40 billon, with $8 to $15 billion spent on hospitalization alone (Quaglietti, Edwin, Ackerman, & Froelihe... ...he Medicare Fee for Service Program. New England Journal of Medicine, 360: 1418-1468. Naylor, M. (2012). Transitional Care Model. Retrieved from http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/special-reports/transitional-care-model Penn Nursing Science. (2013). Transitional Care Model-About TCM. Retrieved from http://www.transitonalcare.info/about.tcm Quaglietti, S. E., Edwin, J., Ackerman, L., & Froeliher, V. (2000, November/December). Management of the Patient with Congestive Heart Failure Using Outpatient, Home and Palliative Care. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 43(3), 259-274. Retrieved from www.cardiology.org/recentpapers/susiechf:pdf Senthilraj, G., & Ganeshan, R. (2013). Effects of a Hospital Wide Quality Improvement (Doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut). Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.uconn.edu/cgi/vecontent.cgi?article=1464&context=gs_thesis

Passive and Active Students

People go to school to get an education. What individuals make of school is what they are going to take with them when they are on there own and for the rest of their life. There are two different types of students, passive and active. Attitude, the amount of energy you put into your classes, and the quality of work determines the type of student you are going to be. Attitude is the first element that determines the quality of a student. A passive student is almost always negative. Normally his or her attitude is that they have something better to do then study; they just do not care about how well they do in the class. Often passive students tend to think that when they receive a poor grade, it is because the teacher does not like them. On the other hand an active student has a very positive attitude. He or She is a â€Å"go getter? often optimist always looking for the best in every situation. They try to learn as much as possible about what they are studying. The second component that helps determine the type of student is the amount of energy he or she puts into their work for their classes. A passive student is lazy. Since he or she†s attitude is poor, they tend to put only enough energy in to just get by. An active student does just the opposite they always study. They have their priorities straight. They make the time to study instead of going out and having fun. Such as not going out with their friends when they know that a quiz or test is coming up. They are usually willing to help others. Finally, the quality of work also determines the type of student. A passive student often turns in poor and unfinished work. He or She does not take time to fully understand the directions, so in turn the assignment will not meet the instructor†s standards. An active student tries His or Her best to turn in complete work on time. They strive for top-quality work, which they are proud of. By striving for good work that is what gets them a good grade. The type of student you are can be a major decision for the rest of your life. If you at a young age develop good study habits and really care about your work then you will benefit from it for the rest of your life. Not only when you are in highschool is this important, but if you continue into higher education. I am sure that it is everyone†s goal to be an active student. But it is all up to the student, hopefully He or She will realize how important it is. Knowing and learning the components that it takes to be either a passive or active student. Passive and Active Students People go to school to get an education. What individuals make of school is what they are going to take with them when they are on there own and for the rest of their life. There are two different types of students, passive and active. Attitude, the amount of energy you put into your classes, and the quality of work determines the type of student you are going to be. Attitude is the first element that determines the quality of a student. A passive student is almost always negative. Normally his or her attitude is that they have something better to do then study; they just do not care about how well they do in the class. Often passive students tend to think that when they receive a poor grade, it is because the teacher does not like them. On the other hand an active student has a very positive attitude. He or She is a â€Å"go getter? often optimist always looking for the best in every situation. They try to learn as much as possible about what they are studying. The second component that helps determine the type of student is the amount of energy he or she puts into their work for their classes. A passive student is lazy. Since he or she†s attitude is poor, they tend to put only enough energy in to just get by. An active student does just the opposite they always study. They have their priorities straight. They make the time to study instead of going out and having fun. Such as not going out with their friends when they know that a quiz or test is coming up. They are usually willing to help others. Finally, the quality of work also determines the type of student. A passive student often turns in poor and unfinished work. He or She does not take time to fully understand the directions, so in turn the assignment will not meet the instructor†s standards. An active student tries His or Her best to turn in complete work on time. They strive for top-quality work, which they are proud of. By striving for good work that is what gets them a good grade. The type of student you are can be a major decision for the rest of your life. If you at a young age develop good study habits and really care about your work then you will benefit from it for the rest of your life. Not only when you are in highschool is this important, but if you continue into higher education. I am sure that it is everyone†s goal to be an active student. But it is all up to the student, hopefully He or She will realize how important it is. Knowing and learning the components that it takes to be either a passive or active student.

The Censorship Of Singapore ( Mda ) - 1948 Words

The practise of censorship - the restriction of ideas, action or image through the control of the media or any other medium of expression. Censorship should be practised sensibly so that it will not restrict the development and expression of new ideas while ensuring that social and political harmony is assured. Censorship plays a vital role in maintaining the morals of its society and creating an economically dynamic, socially cohesive and culturally vibrant nation. (N.A, N.D) The press exert a significant influence on the public and is partly responsible for the views and values that many hold. Hence, it should be responsible with what it put forth to the public. Singapore has gradually moved from film censorship to film classification and now to the focus on media literacy. Media Authority of Singapore (MDA) plays a significant role in regulating and conducting matters pertaining to the media. It is guided by legislation/acts such as Media Development Authority of Singapore Act, co de of practice and guideline to comply and enforce the entities. In this term paper, we will discuss how the media handle censorship and classification related matters as well as reviewing the Films Appeal Committee under the films act policy. In this regard, recommendations will also be given on how to improve the clause. The media environment has undergone major changes, driven largely by the forces of technology, media convergence and globalisation. (Media Development Authority, 2014) AsShow MoreRelatedMedi A Powerful Tool Of Communication1409 Words   |  6 PagesOn the other hand, from a Marxist perspective, one can argue the opposite that it is the audiences who influence the information which is produced via the media. In this essay this group assessed and contrasted the media of three countries namely Singapore, Jamaica and Bolivia in relation to their respective economy, society, values and political system. These three countries differ gravely in terms of their cultures, norms economic activities, religions and even social ills etc and yet despite theseRead MoreThe Democratic Process Of Southeast Asian Countries1478 Words   |  6 PagesThe democratic process of Southeast Asian countries, such as Malaysia and Singapore, has seen very little significant changes from civil society action. Wh ile each of these countries have claimed to be democratic nations, there has been little change in terms of government rule since their independence. These civil society groups are ones that reflect the ideas and values of a group of people, in pursuit of a common goal. The changes that have resulted are in Malaysia and Singapore’s governmentsRead MoreAre We Free to Make Our Own Choices in Life?2263 Words   |  10 Pages3rd essay Is censorship sometimes justifiable? Human rights include freedom of speech and freedom of expression. Based on this definition, many people believe that censorship is a flagrant infringement on human rights, and thus it should not be tolerated. However, I believe that censorship can be justified. Through a discussion of censorship of history textbooks in Japan, censorship against racism in Singapore and move ratings, this essay seeks to show the benefits of censorship to the communityRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages GP NOTES 2010 (ESSAY) Content Page 1. Media a. New vs. Traditional b. New: narcissistic? c. Government Censorship d. Profit-driven Media e. Advertising f. Private life of public figures g. Celebrity as a role model h. Blame media for our problems i. Power + Responsibility of Media j. Media ethics k. New Media and Democracy 2. Science/Tech a. Science and Ethics b. Government and scientist role in science c. Rely too much on technology? d. Nuclear technology

What Is True Love - 1377 Words

What is True Love? Looking at the world today, it can be hard to recognize love. There is anger all over the world ranging from the government to terrorists. America’s news feed is filled with events of hate and devastation. CNN’s top stories include events of bombing and shootings on top of many different acts of hate. A most recent incident on CNN’s top stories list, is the Ohio nightclub shooting that took place on March 26th, killing one (Croft et. al). These reported incidents make it difficult for people to see any love. Often times news reports include information about events, including how many deaths are reported, if any, and reasons the event occurred. What people do not see is the responders and volunteers who help and comfort†¦show more content†¦Melissa was just expecting a hug and to move on with her life. But one hug turned into a nightmare as Robert pulled out knives and continued to stab Melissa thirty-two times leaving gashes all over her face and head. Melissa recalls hearing a girl call emergency services and help arriving. That night the most horrific thing happened to Melissa but little did she know something beautiful would come out of it. Cameron Hill, with fire and rescue, responded to Melissa’s attack and helped save her life. It was not until about nine months after Melissa’s attack that she began to share her story. The very first time she told her story Cameron was in the audience and they made a connection. It was not much longer when Cameron asked Melissa to dinner at the fire station. Without hesitation, Melissa went to dinner with her heroes. That dinner led to Cameron and Melissa’s first date and they say they have been inseparable ever since (Finley, â€Å"Live to Tell: One Last Hug†). Cameron Hill: I m crazy in love with Melissa Dohme. Melissa Dohme: Is this really like this fairytale that I think it might be? Cameron Hill: Never met anybody like her. Melissa Dohme: To me he s like Prince Charming. Cameron Hill: I would like to spend the rest of my life with her. Melissa Dohme: I love him. I love him. Melissa and Cameron’s love lead to their engagement and tying the knot on March 4th, 2017. Cameron showed love for Melissa as a stranger. He laterShow MoreRelatedWhat is True Love?612 Words   |  2 PagesLove; the feeling of warm personal attachment or deep affection(Dictionary). Love is indeed a magical force of attraction that takes time to develop and requires much more than just a strong attraction. Knowing this, love at first sight is simply not possible, and this can be proven by a variety of reasons. For one the demands of a human go beyond the matter of appearance. More importantly it is important to know that the power behind true love takes time to form and is impossible to form withinRead MoreWhat Is True Love?1847 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is true love? 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In these lines, the speakerRead MoreHappiness in True Love After reading â€Å"True Love† I have concluded that Szymborska is trying600 Words   |  3 PagesHappiness in True Love After reading â€Å"True Love† I have concluded that Szymborska is trying promoting true love to the people who don’t believe, by stating the positive aspects to make people live a happier life. In the poem â€Å"True Love† by Wislawa Szymborska, it is obviously talking about true love such as how it happens, and when people are in love or a relationship. She uses a continuous form of sarcasm of people who do believe in true in love, and those who do. This making her a believer, creates

Hacking Is Not Ethical - 2090 Words

Hacking is not Ethical If you are a good hacker everybody knows you, But if you are a great hacker nobody knows you (Rishabh Surya). Hacking is known in the community as a way of stealing information from people and it can be but it can also be a lot more. Hacking is a dangerous tool that can lead to a life of crime. When people hack it is to mostly gain information that would benefit them in some way. Hackers can obtain information from a lot of places they usually put their focus into one place so they are able to easily obtain information. Hacking is wrong and it is used for wrongful acts of stealing information Hacking is not ethical because it is used to steal one s personal information, it is used to steal a business s information, and is used to steal a government s classified information. Hacking cannot be considered ethical because it is used to get personal information from people. As PrivacyMatters states hacking could never be considered ethical because of all the times it has been used to stea l personal information from people (privacy matters.com). When hacking, people can steal personal information that may be on record in that account.When information such as credit card numbers, get stolen the hacker would usually go to an illegal online trading site where they will sell the information. Hacking has done several things to help steal personal information in fact, there are some extreme cases where a hacker has stolen the identity of another person. InShow MoreRelatedEthical Hacking2871 Words   |  12 Pagespornography, read their e-mail, steal their credit card number from an on-line shopping site, or implant software that will secretly transmit their organizations secrets to the open Internet. With these concerns and others, the ethical hacker can help. 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The one difference is White Hat hackers have the organizations permission to test the vulnerability of the organizations systems. Ethical hacking is one part ofRead MoreEthical Ethics And Ethical Hacking968 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment and issue is ethical hacking. To understand ethical hacking one must be able to define what it means to be a hacker. â€Å"A hacker is an individ ual who intends to gain unauthorized access to a computer system† (Laudon Traver, 2015). Oxford Dictionaries defines an ethical hacker as â€Å"a person who hacks into a computer network in order to test or evaluate its security, rather than with malicious or criminal intent† (Ethical Hacker, n.d.). In other words, an ethical hacker aims to discover ifRead MoreEthical Hacking Essay849 Words   |  4 PagesEthical hacking, in my opinion, is just as much as an oxymoron as ‘constructive criticism’. 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Security Risks and Concerns in Cloud Computing

Question: Discuss about theSecurity Risks and Concerns in Cloud Computing. Answer: Introduction The purpose of making this report is to analyze and evaluate risks and security concerns with cloud computing in context of company that provides accounting software. In business organizations, cloud computing is used for various purposes and it has become an essential way to access information from remote system easily and quickly over internet. There are various other benefits of cloud computing that makes it useful for IT users. As we know that use of cloud computing is increasing among people, then it has become necessary for them to know about risk and security concerns of cloud computing. The major topics that we will discuss here in this report are background of cloud computing, risk and security concerns in cloud in context of accounting and applicant service providers. Discussion XYZ Pvt. Ltd. is a company that provides account software. People are satisfied with products and services of this company. This company is using cloud computing services for running its business among people worldwide. While providing cloud computing services what kind of risks and security concerns are faced by this company, we will evaluating here in this report. Before moving towards discussion of risks and security concerns of cloud computing, here is requirement to emphasize on background of cloud and its literature concepts. (Journal of Accountancy, 2016) Background of Cloud Computing Cloud computing has evolved through number of phases that consists of grid and utility computing, application service provision and software as a service (SaaS). But this primary concept of delivering computing resources was rooted in sixties. This was developed with the vision that everyone on the globe must be inter-connected to access programs and data at any site. This vision is actually related to cloud computing. With this vision, further amendments and improvements, this latest concept of cloud computing was introduced. Amazon EC2/S3 was the first widely accessible cloud computing. If at one side, advancements in cloud computing are increasing, then on other side, security and privacy concerns of cloud computing was also encountered by its users and it is still going on. In next segment of this report we will discuss that how XYZ Pvt. Ltd. Company is facing these problems. (ComputerWeekly, 2016) Risk and Security Concerns in Cloud in Context of Accounting Service Providers For business organizations like given accounting company way of doing business has changed. It is commonly arguing that cloud computing is gaining a great deal of energy worldwide. According to analysis, revenue of cloud services is forecast to reach $68.3 billion in 2010. Most of the account base and other business organizations are running their businesses by using web cloud based applications. Cloud platform has eliminated the need for in-house technology infrastructure that includes servers and software to purchase, execute and maintain. Besides this, there are various other benefits available of cloud computing for business organizations and those benefits include quick implementation of business processes, less upfront costs that consists of cost of hardware and IT employees those are not required to be in-house and no hardware and maintenance cost is required in case of cloud computing. (Abraham, A., Muda, A., Choo, 2016 ) With these benefits, risks and security concerns put influence over business organizations. XYZ Pvt. Ltd. Company will face following risk and security concerns of cloud computing. Breaches of Important Information Credentials Compromise and Broken Authentication Hacking Interfaces and APIs Exploitation of system vulnerabilities. Hijacking Accounts Malicious Insiders Permanent Data Loss Denial of Service Attack (Skyhigh Networks, 2015) Breaches of Important Information Breaches of essential information is a common security issue that is encountered by cloud users. This is happened because cloud networks face threats like traditional networks. Due to this data breach, confidential information of organizations and their customers, that is stored into their databases may get lost. In this case, if XYZ Pvt. Ltd. Company is giving account software services to its customers through cloud computing then they need to be careful about personal information of its customers. Besides this, after selling of account software, customers will also pay online and in this case, credit card information of customers can be breached from companys database by hackers. (Rashid, 2016) Credentials Compromise and Broken Authentication Data breaches and other kind of attacks basically occur due to lax authentication, weak passwords and poor certificate management. These are some weak points of security management that must be seriously taken into consideration. In case of XYZ Company. if they will not manage security of databases and login credentials, then it is definitely possible hackers can easily guess passwords and can access confidential information. Precisely, compromise in login credentials directly leads to breakage in authentication. (Academia.edu, 2016) Hacking Interfaces and APIs In every cloud service and application, APIs are offered. Interfaces and APIs are used by IT teams to manage and interact with cloud services. In cloud computing, from authentication and access to controlling and monitoring of encryption and other activities, are depend upon security of API. Company XYZ also uses APIs to provide account software by cloud computing services. Therefore it is responsibility of technical department of this company to keep security of APIs. (SearchCloudComputing, 2016) Exploitation of System Vulnerabilities System vulnerabilities and other exploited bugs in programs are mostly encountered by users of cloud computing. This problem is becoming bigger with advent of multitenancy in cloud computing. When databases, memory and other resources are shared by business organizations then they create new surfaces for hackers for accessing this information. XYZ company also do this while using cloud services, so it will be better for them to be careful about their activities and actions. Otherwise heavy loss of information can occur. The practices like regular vulnerability scanning, prompt patch management and quick follow up regarding system threats are helpful for controlling system vulnerabilities. For regulated industries, it is necessary to patch quickly as possible. (incapsula.com, 2016) Hijacking Accounts Hacking, phishing, malware attacks and other network frauds are so much popular among IT users and cloud computing has enhanced these vulnerable activities. This is because attackers can spy on activities, manipulate transactions and can make modifications in data. Cloud applications may also use by them to perform their harmful attacks. Sharing of confidential information by organizations also lead to hijacking of accounts, because in this sharing, personal and business information is accessed by hackers. If company XYZ is sharing its information over internet without any security then it is possible that account can be hijacked by hackers. Accounts should be monitored properly so that online payment transactions can be done securely without any problem. The main thing is to protect credentials of account from hackers. Malicious Insiders Malicious insiders is also a big problem for business organizations and it has many faces such as a current or former employee, a system administrator, a contractor or a business partner. The main agenda of malicious attack is from data theft to revenge. In cloud services it is also happened by hellbent insider that can destroy whole infrastructures and manipulation of data. All systems those depend solely on cloud service provider for security like encryption, they are considered at risk. That is XYZ Company should also have awareness about this concerning factor and it is recommended to XYZ Company to control encryption process and keys and minimizing access to users. These are some crucial factors to consider by this organization. Permanent Data Loss Permanent data loss is a big problem for all cloud computing users. Cloud is a matured service but still data loss occur due to provider error. When attack is conducted by malicious hackers then then they always try to permanently delete data which is difficult to recover if you dont have any backup and recovery software. This can also be happened with XYZ Company and their confidential information may get lost. In this case, it is responsibility of this company to be carefully maintained its important information over network. Permanent data loss is not easy to perform by hackers, if cloud service providers will encrypt data on cloud database, then prevention is possible. Denial of Service Attack Denial of service attack is also a vulnerable attack that is also faced by cloud users. In this attack, hackers break the server access from all users who are connected with it and they cannot access any website from that server. DoS attack is not a new problem that is facing by cloud users and this problem has very bad impact. Denial of Service attack gets large amount of processing power. High volume DDoS attack is very common and main target of this attack is web server and database vulnerabilities. For XYZ and other business organizations must be careful about this denial of service attack which is vulnerable for cloud database and its information. These are some essential risks and security concerns of cloud computing that are commonly faced by business organizations like XYZ Pvt. Ltd. Company. After this whole discussion about risk and security concerns of cloud platform, further we will emphasize on protection mechanism that are discussed in theory and literature for security and privacy of cloud platform. Protection Mechanism For Cloud Computing in Theory and Literature This is an important segment of this report and here we will emphasize that how security and privacy of cloud computing can be maintained. According to literature review of Al-Anzi, Tadav Soni (2014), suggest that there is requirement to follow security model for cloud computing and this model should include governance, risk management and compliance. Today cloud security requirements are varied dynamically due to its dynamic nature and ownership of customer. This security model must be applied to each type of cloud such as private, hybrid and public. (Digital Guardian, 2014) Security Governance In cloud security model, security governance, risk management and compliance refers to fundamental responsibility of the organization for identifying and implementation of various important processes and control organizational structure to provide effective security to cloud users. Governance is set of policies, laws and technologies that are required in business organizations to achieve security objectives. (BlackStratus, 2015) Identity Management In case of people and identity management, only authorized users should be able to access information. This is known as authorization and authorized access of data. In case of cloud computing, authorized access is required to get rid of security issues and risks that we have already discussed above.( Chang, 2016) Application Security According to Al-Anzi, Yadav and Soni (2014), Application security is also an essential way to maintain privacy and security into cloud platform. In this case, XML encryption and XML signature will be better to use. These are actually helpful to provide prevention from XML attacks and other web services attacks. (Chorafas, 2011) Data and Information Security Data and information security are also most important in cloud computing. For achieving data and information security, cloud computing management must focus on how data should be stored, processed and audited. Besides this, here recommendation to implement intrusion detection and protection system is also provided. Physical Infrastructure In every kind of web service, its infrastructure plays an important role. Similarly in cloud environment, its infrastructure needs to be secured and reliable. For physical measurements of structure there is requirement to use biometric access controls and computer access controls. According to literatures review, above listed protection mechanism will definitely provide help to get prevention from risky cloud environment. These protection mechanism can be implemented in cloud environment and in case of other network technologies. Conclusion and Future Trends After this whole discussion we can say that it is necessary for XYZ Pvt. Ltd. Company to consider above discussed cloud computing issues, if it wants to provide better outcomes to its services. If this company is facing any kind of above discussed problem then it will be better to implement above discussed protection mechanisms. It is responsibility of technical department of this company to be careful about these issues of cloud computing security. If we talk about future of XYZ Company then this company is doing efforts to run advanced security tools in organization and they also providing better training to their employees for using cloud services properly and with appropriate security. To satisfy customers with quality results is responsibility of every business organization. References ComputerWeekly. (2016). A history of cloud computing. Retrieved 24 September 2016, from https://www.computerweekly.com/feature/A-history-of-cloud-computing Journal of Accountancy.(2016). Cloud Computing: What Accountants Need to Know. Retrieved 24 September 2016, from https://www.journalofaccountancy.com/issues/2010/oct/20102519.html Abraham, A., Muda, A., Choo, Y. Pattern analysis, intelligent security and the internet of things. Skyhigh Networks. (2015). 9 Cloud Computing Security Risks Every Company Faces. Retrieved 24 September 2016, from https://www.skyhighnetworks.com/cloud-security-blog/9-cloud-computing-security-risks-every-company-faces/ Rashid, F. (2016). The dirty dozen: 12 cloud security threats. InfoWorld. Retrieved 24 September 2016, from https://www.infoworld.com/article/3041078/security/the-dirty-dozen-12-cloud-security-threats.html Academia.edu.(2016). Cloud Computing Security Challenges (Literature Review). Retrieved 24 September 2016, from https://www.academia.edu/20333158/Cloud_Computing_Security_Challenges_Literature_Review_ Digital Guardian.(2014). 27 Data Security Experts Reveal The #1 Information Security Issue Most Companies Face With Cloud Computing Storage. Retrieved 24 September 2016, from https://digitalguardian.com/blog/27-data-security-experts-reveal-1-information-security-issue-most-companies-face-cloud BlackStratus.(2015). How to Overcome Security Issues in Cloud Computing. Retrieved 24 September 2016, from https://blackstratus.com/overcome-security-issues-cloud-computing/ SearchCloudComputing. (2016). Cloud computing and application security: Issues and risks. Retrieved 24 September 2016, from https://searchcloudcomputing.techtarget.com/tip/Cloud-computing-and-application-security-Issues-and-risks incapsula.com.(2016). Top 10 Security Concerns for Cloud based Services. Retrieved 24 September 2016, from https://www.incapsula.com/blog/top-10-cloud-security-concerns.html Chorafas, D. (2011). Cloud computing strategies. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. Chang, V. A proposed cloud computing business framework.